Six Sigma, Projects, and Models

Six Sigma today is used by many corporations today, and around the world. Identification and selection of Six Sigma projects is often discussed. The origins of Six Sigma comes from the Greek alphabet used to denote standard deviation, a statistical measurement of variation, the exception to expected outcomes. (Thomsett, 2005)

Six Sigma concept can being with a process called Business Process Management (BPM) which helps design, communicate, and improve systems. The use of flowcharts and Gantt charts, and MS Project charts help to communicate the intent of project managers.

Real Option Analysis is one method that can improve the value of the project by considering the various kinds of risks. Some companies use Six Sigma to reduce risks in projects. (RK Padhy, Dec 2011. Vol. 29, Iss. 8; pg. 1091) The major issues addressed are quality control in an organization.      People have argued that many communities can benefit from city leaders that consider using Six Sigma’s operating model to help with improving the way local governments are operated. “With lean Six Sigma implantation, streets of Irving, Texas are repaired in less than 4 weeks compared to 16 weeks. When the employees of the city government have teams consisting of Six Sigma members the implementation of lean Six Sigma has yielded positive results in all areas for the city. (Brandt, Jul 2011. Vol. 43, Iss. 7; pg. 50, 3 pgs) This city used “lean Six Sigma to attain results such as a drop in the crime rate, a vibrant local economy, opening of a new convention center, and the creation of 3,000 new jobs.” That shows us that there can be positive results by seeing cities implementing Six Sigma methodology.

            In this economy may companies are turning to “Six Sigma models because it provide various kinds of sustainability to companies in terms of quality enhancement, zero defect level, market share enhancement, optimal production level, and financial returns.” (Abdullah, May/Jun 2011)             The reason companies use Six Sigma is that it is a quality management, total quality management, zero defect level, lean management, continuous improvement and Six Sigma has evolved from programs at Lockheed, IBM, and Motorola in the 1980’s when they were called only Zero Defects, and High Reliability programs. They have been initiated by large corporations including: 3M, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America, Amazon.com, DHL, SGL group, dell, Ford Motors, DuPont, McGraw Hill, and many others (Abdullah, May/Jun 2011) because of the difficulties that small companies have in implementing many of the Six Sigma concepts. The is Six Sigma for Quality Management, Sustainability, which involves the implementation of proven quality principles, techniques,  people, capital resources, natural resources, environment, and institution.  3M adopted Six Sigma to attain environmental stability during the course of implementation of Six Sigma in a company utilizes the technique of data collection, and data analysis. This will help with the core objective of Six Sigma which is to improve on competition, zero defect level detections to help improve financial success. . (Abdullah, May/Jun 2011)

            In the work environment, relationships are important to structure, communications, and morale of any company. Establishing a continual improvement system is essential to the

continued survival of any corporation.

The four loops in Figure 1 represent data analysis supporting:

* Lean methods for sustaining the current process (left loop).

* Process monitoring and corrective action to return deviation to nominal requirements (bottom loop).

* Design for breakthrough improvement based upon key system relationships (right loop).

* Conceptual research and profound knowledge for organizational growth (top loop).

(Duffy, Milwaukee: May 2011.)

I found that the overlapping structure of a company is well illustrated below to show how all the elements of an organization are interdependent on each, like well-oiled gears in a factory.

            Through continuous improvement in an organization as a system, there will be long-term success due to the interaction of processes across the complex systems in a large corporation. This methodology of implementation of Six Sigma will create effective improvement in this ever changing global economy. (Duffy, Milwaukee: May 2011.)

            We have seen many examples of the success of the implantation of Six Sigma, but we really don’t understand what it is. According to the teaching of Dr. Walter Shewer

•         Process Control;

•         Plan Do Check Act;

•         Common and Special Causes;

•         Improvement can be done project by project

•         Statistical tools

•         Hawthorne Plant Experiences

Other Definitions include:

•         Degree of variation;

•         Level of performance in terms of defects;

•         Statistical measurement of process capability;

•         Benchmark for comparison;

•         Process improvement methodology;

•         It is a Goal;

•         Strategy for change;

•         A commitment to customers to achieve an acceptable level of performance

(Six Sigma, NA)

According to many professionals Six Sigma methods can be applied to various areas including:

Service, Design, Purchase, Production, IT, M&S, HRM, Quality Depart, Administration, Management. There are Six Sigma Initiatives that can integrate the below efforts.

(Six Sigma, NA)

In Six Sigma there different methods of change management for an organization,

·         Activity Centered programs – The pursuit of activities that seem good, but don’t contribute to the bottom line.

·         Result Oriented programs – There focus is on achieving specific, measurable, operational improvements in a few months.

·         Examples of specific measurable goals:

·         Increase yield, reduce delivery time, increase inventory turns, improved customer satisfaction, reduce product development time.

Many people don’t understand the fact that Six Sigma is a problem-solving methodology for improving business and organizational performance.  There are phases to Six Sigma for performance, improvement, deployment, and organization, according to (Gygi, 2006) A company that decides to implement it must realize that it is intense and rigorous; it entails a thorough inspection of the way everything is done in a corporation. Many times work in a department is performed incorrectly. Six Sigma brings a quality-improvement methodology to a company. Through a great deal of effort, discipline, and hard work Six Sigma will bring improved performance, happier customers, lower costs, and success. (Gygi, 2006)

            Management system orientation can produce management results with a clear value proposition and (ROI), top commitment, accountability, and customer focus. (Gygi, 2006)

A great deal of statistical analysis is used in Six Sigma to identify the areas of a company that need improvement.  There is the application of zero defects in Six Sigma which recognizes the size, or complexity of a company, and how they are irrelevant for successful implementation.

Six Sigma applies a scale to characterize quality control in company’s final products, services, and transactions, especially when safety or human life is involved. (Gygi, 2006)

There is used a Sigma Scale as illustrated below:

Sigma              Percent Defective                   Defects per Million

1                      69%                                         691,462

2                      31%                                         308,538

3                      6.7%                                        66,807

4                      0.62%                                      6,210

5                      0.023%                                    233

6                      0.00034%                                3.4

7                      0.0000019%                            0.019

There are essentials of Six Sigma besides the statistical aspects. The project methodology of (DMAIC) is Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control which is applied to improvement projects that are managed to financial targets. There are various domains of activity: Thinking, processing, designing. Six Sigma requires energize thinking, an open mind by the corporate management, a thirst for truth, and betterment. (Gygi, 2006) Many corporations have set ways of doing things. There will be initial reluctance by many corporate management structures, resistance to implement changes that can’t alter the way older corporations fundamentally run. It will often meet with resistance by the corporate structure, if the team of executives doesn’t properly develop a deployment program. (Gygi, 2006)

There must be the following people and departments as core team members: Six Sigma deployment leader, business unit Six Sigma leaders, key executive representatives, functional representative, human resources, finance, information technology, training, and communications.

To solve problems the Six Sigma way requires varying degrees of skill in applied statistics. That is where Master Black, Black, Green, Yellow, and White belts are utilized. Each type of Belt has varying degrees in expertise in the implementation of the Six Sigma process. The S.S. Black Belt would be considered the master of statistical problem-solving. Lesser degrees of skill are defined including Blue Belt, Brown Belt, and White Belt. This is derived from the various belts in Karate or Tae Kwon Do which are martial arts disciplines.

There is an understanding and enacting the breakdown strategy with the various teams who have varying levels of Six Sigma expertise. Going from the objective, phase, output areas of a project include, product returns, customer complaints, accounts receivables, cycle time, ineffective of defective services, yield and subsequent rework, capacity constraints, and excessive inventory levels.  All of these areas can be broken down into areas of concern in any organization, which requires structure, and a method of approach.

The approach for dealing with issues needs statistical data, data mining will give insight into analyzing how each sector, and function in a corporate structure functions. (Brandt, Jul 2011. Vol. 43, Iss. 7; pg. 50, 3 pgs) There is a process management summary that will take the data accumulated and implements in a process review. A process control plan will be implemented by the Six Sigma process to create a complete picture of all possible inputs, outputs, and activities for a single process. (Gygi, 2006) pg 230.

The various reports tools used in Six Sigma projects that are available are generic reporting tools, integrated tools, and balanced scorecards.

There is a timeframe for training people in Six Sigma, with a series of lectures, video case studies, experiments, workshops, exercise, defined projects,  presentations, and homework for all those learning Six Sigma. Over a span of 5 weeks or more of training, managers can learn the detailed aspects of implementing Six Sigma. There various topics aforementioned in the paper that goes over team roles, presentation skills, project management skills, group techniques, quality, pitfalls of quality improvement project, project strategies, and Minitab 16 introduction; which is one of many programs used for charting in project management. (Six Sigma, NA)

I shall conclude with the fact that communications is of paramount importance with the implementation of Six Sigma. If there is no or poor communications between all the employees in the target company, then Six Sigma will be very difficult to implement. Because there is so much literature to implement the Six Sigma Tools and Techniques, high level managers who implement the various phases from:

The Define phase, the Analyze phase, The Improve Phase, The Control Phase are all key elements to successful lean manufacturing, significant cost saving, and better productivity for a company that properly implements the methodology that Six Sigma provides to a corporation in today’s global marketplace. (Pyzdek, 2003)

References

Abdullah, A. (May/Jun 2011). Six Sigma For Sustainability In Multinational Organizations. Journal of Business Case Studies, Vol. 7, Iss. 3; pg. 7, 9 pgs.

Brandt, D. ( Jul 2011. Vol. 43, Iss. 7; pg. 50, 3 pgs). Lean Six Sigma and the city. Industrial Engineer, Norcross.

Duffy, G. L. (Milwaukee: May 2011.). The Impact of Relationships. ASQ Six Sigma Forum Magazine, Vol. 10, Iss. 3; pg. 28, 3 pgs.

Gygi, C. ,. (2006). Six Sigma for Dummies. Indianapolis: Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Heerkens, G. (2002). Project Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

McCarty T., B. M. (2004). The Six Sigma Black Belt Handbook. Motrola University: McGraw-Hill.

Six Sigma. (NA). Retrieved from AuthorSTREAM: http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/blackiceberg-130113-six-sigma-download-3-entertainment-ppt-powerpoint/

Pande, P. S. (2000). The Six Sigma Way, How GE, Motorola and Other Top Companies are Honing Their Performance. New York: McGraw Hill.

Portny, S. E. (2007). Project Management for Dummies. Hoboken: Wiley Publishing.

Pyzdek, T. (2003). The Six Sigma Handbook, The Complete Guide 2nd Edition. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill.

RK Padhy, S. S. ( Dec 2011. Vol. 29, Iss. 8; pg. 1091). A Real Option based Six Sigma project evaluation and selection model. . International Journal of Project Management. , Kidlington.

Smith, K. A. (2004). Teamwork and project management. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Thompson, L. A. (2009, March). Leadership Model for Professionals. Strategic Finance, pp. 90(9), 25.

Thomsett, M. C. (2005). Getting Started in Six Sigma, Comprehensive Coverage. New Jersey: Wiley.

Infrastructure Project

America is in a state of denial that the middle class income and way of life is in jeopardy. We have such an allowed so much corruption and unethical decisions and our government to bring our nation on the brink of chaos and disaster. Our failure at global project management of our world resources has come to a head. We need to take corporate project management philosophy and implement it at a national governmental level. Then the distribution of project objectives will be delegated to the appropriate companies. Just as a large corporation chooses vendors to manufacture and create parts and services for a corporation, delegation of the following Infrastructure projects will be delegated to states for state/national project management. There shall be national project managers who overseas state project leaders with the progress and problems encountered with these projects.

National Rebuilding America Infrastructure Project:

A.    Power Generation Job Generation

1.      Energy production and management within its impact on the Infrastructure

a.       Solar Panels production and deployment on all new homes and businesses, Arizona, and New Mexico to be designated solar states. The immediate hiring of thousands of people in different disciplines of engineering, manufacturing, and installation of thousands of solar panels to the Silicon Solar panel project. There will be the need to hire concrete workers, electricians, electric company sub-contractors to integrate the solar panels into the national grid. There also needs to be built a maintenance building to monitor the input of solar panels from the array of 100 mile by 100 miles of solar panels in Arizona, New Mexico, and Death Valley California. Areas of high heat and sunlight are ideal for the production of electricity.

b.      An array of solar thermal collectors would be constructed in all area of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and deserts of California that have the most days of sunlight a year and the highest temperature averages. These would also be deployed for mass production and sale for home use in all cities that have at least 100 day plus of sunshine to provide heated water for all new homes and any home would have to have solar panels and solar thermal heating before they are sold. The land used would be the most uninhabitable land in the United States, ideal for use for power generation. This project would involve the team diversity of people from all different disciplines. Immediate interviewing and hiring of people would be necessary with a one year deployment date. Aggressive scheduling is essential to insure these are actually built with no cost overruns.

c.       Geothermal generation, magma heat extraction from volcanos for energy are vast resources for energy generation for the United States. Technologies include dry steam power plants, flash steam power plants and binary power plants. Geothermal heating is use in over 70 countries. (Fridleifsson, Bertani, Huenges, Lund, Ragnarsson, & Rybach) (Alison Holm, 2010 May) This would supply unlimited geothermal power all year around. By tapping into the volcanic and geothermal power which provides 55,709 GWh per year in 24 countries.

We currently have 77 power plants and first will pick the top ten sites that currently don’t have geothermal generators built then allocate 20% of the Infrastructure funds to hire personnel to work on these projects. The CO₂ produced by the geothermal power plants would be injected back into the earth in the form of carbon capture and storage. (Bertani & Thain, retrieved 2009-05-13) (US Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Program. May 2010. () These are long term energy solutions that have no nuclear fallout, infinite earth resource, and good for millions of years. Project managers would utilize the resources form the Geothermal Energy Association to coordinate the deployment and construction of geothermal plant that would employee thousands, even after construction is completed, to monitor output and maintenance of said plant. (Ghassemi, 2010) We have the capacity of producing over 35 to 2000 Gigawatts of power for the United States. This potential for low energy cost would allow the United States to compete in the manufacturing sector. (Rybach, retrieved 2009-05-09)

Areas for the power production of geothermal energy has been thoroughly mapped to determine the appropriate locations in the Imperial Valley, Canby, the geysers, and Yellowstone park, which is the world’s large volcano and source of geothermal and magma power.

The planning of these projects would take methodical efforts due to the scope and scale of such endeavors. If there is too much management, decisions made would take too long to implement. Speed of implementation is critical to the success of getting people to work to create this phase of energy production and the elimination of natural gas power plants.

d.      Tidal Power from the energy generated by waves and thermal differential of cold water versus warm water. The first tidal power station facility was built in France in 1966. It produces 240 megawatts, generated by 24 turbines. It is interesting how Canada, China, Russia, France, South Korea, United Kingdom, and South Korea have tidal power plants, but the United States doesn’t have one power station. Russia, United Kingdom, Philippines, India, England, and Wales are all proposing to build additional tidal power plants. The feasibility and viability of any energy project must be researched as to the profitability of deployment of any energy production facilities. (R.H. Charlier, 2009)

The production of tidal power through the harnessing of wave power will involve the creation of teams hired from the engineering, civil engineer, physics, and power generation fields. Fujita Research for example has already created horizontal and vertical axis tidal power turbines. (R.H. Charlier, 2009) pg. 20. We don’t realize that 70% of the earth is water and there is an incredible amount of energy generation potential in the oceans. This series of projects for infrastructure power integration will call about hundreds of people to be employed in the building, manning, and maintenance of the power facilities. OTEC plants would be analogist to underwater hydro-electric power plants, without the impacts on the land environment that hydro-electric power generation power plants currently have on the landscape. The Golden Gate Bridge is an ideal area for tidal power due the massive amounts of water that flow through the area of the Golden Gate Bridge from the ocean into the Bay Area. There has been extensive tidal and harmonic analysis of the idea locations to locate tidal generation plants along the West Coast and East Coast of the United States and the Gulf States. China is proposing over 128 tidal plants to be built; their project management philosophy is continual growth and expansion, never stopping, ever changing economy.

Effective communications is essential to integrate the tidal power, solar power into the national power transmission grid. We shall have school millions of people for these new energy production fields. As we make the transition from an agriculture to industrial economy as occurred in the 1930’s and 1940’s, we are once again making a transition from an industrial or manufacturing based economy to a technological and scientifically based economy. This time we didn’t focus on training through the public and university school system to prepare the millions of people who need training in the computer, science, and technology fields. Decisions for expansion must be in concert with all the stakeholders and those with the technological skills, communications, and organizational skills to make these projects successful.

The electrical or power grid is a vast, interconnecting network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. (Kaplan, 2009) There is the electricity generation, from hydro-electric, solar, geothermal, tidal, coal, natural gas, biomass, wind, and nuclear power. Then the power has to be transported from its source to the electricity distribution substation which steps down the electricity to be sent to the homes and businesses in the various cities around the United States.

B.     Electrical Power Grid Distribution Project

The electrical power distribution system is almost a hundred years old, and in desperate need of maintenance and upgrading. The development of upgrade projects will be structured based upon areas of the United States with the highest degree of growth, and oldest power lines in need of replacement. Hiring and training of power distribution management will take years to accomplish. The hiring of workers and project managers to implement this plan will involve the input of every major city and state in the country.  By upgrading and integrating all the power grids we can insure no more power failures, power outages, or brown outs during the hottest days of the summer, or the coldest days in the winter time. Effective leadership skills in the development and implementation of this phase of the national infrastructure plan will help reduce the cost to all Americans and American business’s for lower energy costs for domestic production of goods, and farming energy costs to be competitive with the global manufacturing network. We produce so much in manufacturing and energy production, but haven’t improved our water, waste, and garbage management system.

C.     Water , Waste, and Garbage Treatment Management Job Generation

a.       Through the expansion and rebuilding of our water treatment plants in those cities that have had the highest growth over the last 30 years. We have neglected their maintenance, with that the use of chroamine, which is ammonia and chlorine to purify our water supply is strained to the breaking limit. Many of the cities that process our waste water have to dump a large portion of it into the ocean during a rainstorm due to the mismanagement of the water treatment system. Civil and chemical engineers would be hired to formulate a plan in coordination with all city leaders to establish the top cities that need water treatment expansion. Team leaders of each city would coordinate their efforts for the need of ordered materials to replace and expand current fresh water supplies coming from a wide variety of sources to meet the ever growing American need for fresh, clean water and its equivalent need in waste treatment.

b.      Repair and replacements of all water and waste treatment pipes nationally that have the highest degree of neglect and potential for breakage and failure during a hurricane, heavy rain storm, and in areas of larges population. The manufacturing and development of all the piping needed to replacing our aging national pipeline network will be an ominous task taking the efforts and expertise of thousands of workers. Hiring the type of worker that worked on the Alaskan pipeline and training the thousands of needed pipeline workers needed to dig up and replace the hundred year old pipes in such areas as Boston, New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, and other large cities.

2.      De-Salination Plant Construction

a.       Examine the need for additional water reservoirs for free water for every major city in the United States. A map of potential water reservoirs needs to be drawn up and then constructed in areas where there is the greatest need until de-Salination plants come online. (Schorr, 2011) There are many studies project managers can draw upon relative to what type of de-Salination plants should be constructed around the United States.

b.      The applications of electro dialysis technology are an essential component of demineralization of brackish salt water during the production of fresh water.

c.       Map the locations for De-Salination Plants in the United States to generate fresh water for every major city in the United States. From the deployment of De-Salination and water treatment plants from the Great Lakes, East Coast, West Coast, and the Gulf States. (Schorr, 2011) By integrating wind, solar, geothermal, and nuclear power to generate the electricity needed for all the new water desalination plants, this would appease the environmental need of using environmentally friendly, renewable energy to generate fresh water for every man, woman, and child in the United States, with excess to be exported to other countries. China is currently developing massive number of de-Salination plants for the ever increasing masses in China.  Small decentralized water treatment plants will be connected to wind, solar, and geothermal plants near each de-Salination plant established along the West Coast, East Coast, and Gulf Coast. The cost of each de-Salination plant is $110 million, not including the infrastructure integration into the national energy grid. The creation of solar desalination plants would utilize southern California, eastern Texas Coasts, Florida, and all the coastal areas of East Coast in the summer months, due to their abundance in solar energy and southern proximity to the oceans. The project managers for de-Salination plant deployment would have to make sure that this new fresh water would reach all the farming areas and cities of the United States. This would require the construction of pumping stations and electrical grid integration as the water has to be pumped like electricity to all of the necessary area of the United States, North, South, East, and West. The system has to be balanced with computer and human monitoring to insure that when there are rain storms, hurricanes, and snow storms that the water grid can handle the entire sewer run off that would normally be directed to a water treatment plant.

d.      The current system allows far too many flooded cities during hurricanes, rain, and snow storms. The lack of proper water management system costs this countries billions of dollars every year in the destruction of homes, business’s, and lost productivity, due to the inability to remove large amounts of rain from rural, and city areas in the time of tropical storms, and hurricanes.

e.       A National Aqueduct system to transport water between all areas of the United States shall be implementing to expand and integrate all of the areas of the United States with the drought stricken areas that would get water from areas of floods and vice-versa. Computer systems to analyze the water needs of the nation, areas that need less water in the winter and more water in the summer. This would be integrated into the water treatment, de-Salination, and fresh water system to create a balanced water system, to be managed by system level managers, engineers, civil engineers, and a multi-level national tiered system. Effective communications between all departments of the national infrastructure plan would implement all of the above power, sewage, and water needs of the national in a computerized network, manned by thousands of people to monitor the fluxuations in weather as it influences the national power, and water grid.

     Effective project management on such as massive scale and be accomplished with the correct balance of communications skills, organizational management skills, team-building skills, leadership skills, coping skills which will require flexibility, creativity, patience, and persistence. The greatest need is the balance of superior technological skills of people with the appropriate experience, and project knowledge to make each facet of this project a reality. If there is the proper amount of planning, organizing, staffing, with an effective work breakdown structure for all the phases of each project will insure minimal project delays when realistic schedules and deadlines are made for each infrastructure project. When a critical path method is implemented with the right amount of cost value, peer assessment for feedback at all stages of these projects, it will insure and minimize challenges that will be encountered in every step of the projects. Evaluation, continual improvement, and quality management will help to insure quality project competition to insure minimal redesign, maintenance and down time.  If we can minimize the political elements of these projects and implement them as necessary we can insure millions of people long term employment that will repair and rebuild the foundation of the infrastructure of the United States. This will insure decades of growth and prosperity for this nation.

References

Alison Holm, L. B. (2010 May, Update May 2010, p. 7.). Geothermal Energy: International Market Update May 2010, p. 7. Geothermal Energy Association.

Anonymous. (Mar 27, 2006.). Move over solar and wind: Tidal power on horizon. Daily Commercial News and Construction Record, pp. Vol. 79, Iss. 60; pg. 4.

Anonymous. (2008). Best Practices for Working in a Virtual Team Environment. Library Technology Reports, pp. 44(1), 28-31.

Bertani, R., & Thain, I. (retrieved 2009-05-13, (July 2002)). Geothermal Power Generating Plant CO2 Emission Survey . IGA News (International Geothermal Association), pp. (49): 1–3, .

Fridleifsson, ,. I., Bertani, R., Huenges, E., Lund, J. W., Ragnarsson, A., & Rybach, L. (n.d.). The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. Luebeck, Germany, pp. 59–80, retrieved 2009-04-06.

Ghassemi, A. (2010). Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment. New Mexico State University.

Kaplan, S. M. (2009). Smart Grid. Electrical Power Transmission: Background and Policy Issues. The Capital.Net, Government Series., pp. Pp. 1-42.

Lipnack, J. &. (1999). Virtual teams: The new way to work. Strategy & Leadership, pp. 27(1), 14-19.

Nedelko, Z. (2008). The Role and Importance of Groupware for Teamwork. The Business Review, pp. 10(1), 211-218.

R.H. Charlier, C. (2009). Ocean Energy: Tide and Tidal Power. Belgium, Boca Raron, Florida: Springer.

Rybach, L. (retrieved 2009-05-09, (September 2007)). Geothermal Sustainability. Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin, pp. Klamath Falls, Oregon: Oregon Institute of Technology) 28 (3): 2–7, ISSN 0276-1084, .

Schorr, M. (2011). Desalination, Trends and Technologies. India: Intechweb.org.

Smith, K. A. (2004). Teamwork and project management. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Thompson, L. A. (2009, March). Leadership Model for Professionals. Strategic Finance, pp. 90(9), 25.

US Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Program. May 2010. (. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/projects/projects.cfm/ProjectID=192